Fibre Channel technology is detailed, what is the difference between single mode and multi mode?
Fibre Channel is a network storage switching technology that provides long-distance and high-bandwidth transmission of large data files between storage, servers, and client nodes.
Fibre Channel (FC) is a high-speed Internetworking technology (typically operating at 2Gbps, 4Gbps, 8Gbps, and 16Gbps) that is primarily used to connect computer storage devices. In the past, Fibre Channel was mostly used in supercomputers, but it also became a common type of connection in enterprise storage SANs. Although known as Fibre Channel, its signals can also run on twisted pairs outside the fiber.
The Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP) is a TCP-like transport protocol that is mostly used to transport SCSI commands over Fibre Channel.
Fibre Channel is widely used in communications interfaces and is part of the convergence of traditional I/O interfaces with networking technologies.
The Network operates in an open, unstructured and essentially unpredictable environment.
Channels typically run in a closed, structured, and predictable environment in which all devices that communicate with the host are known in advance, and any changes require host software or configuration tables to make the appropriate changes. Channel protocols such as SCSI, ESCON, IPI.
Fibre Channel combines the advantages of these two communication methods into a new interface that meets the needs of both network and channel users.
Fibre Channel's goals and advantages:
What Fibre Channel wants to provide is an interface between the computer and the shared peripherals. Before this technology was introduced, it was connected through a variety of different interfaces, such as IDE, SCSI, and ESCON.
Fibre Channel needs to provide high-speed transmission of a large amount of information .
The figure above shows the transfer rate comparison between 2Gbps Fibre Channel and Escon and SCSI.
In addition to the speed increase, Fibre Channel also needs to support the distance of the kilometer. It is implemented through a fiber switch, as shown in the following figure:
Fibre Channel also needs to provide the ability to transport multiple upper layer protocols and maintain the continued use of these upper layer protocols. The Fibre Channel interface is shown below:
Connectivity and scaling are a major goal of Fibre Channel by sharing and connecting thousands of devices together. Fibre Channel supports switched fiber, and a fiber structure can theoretically support 16 million addresses. Fiber fabrics can start with a single switch and add more switches as needed to scale.
Fibre Channel also needs to provide cables and plugs that are simpler than SCSI.
Fiber optic cables are easier to manage than traditional SCSI copper wires, and the plugs are smaller and the density of one adapter port is higher. System installation is easier when using fiber optic cables.
Non-disruptive installation and service are also a requirement for fiber optic cables. Unlike copper wire, it needs to be powered off during plugging and unplugging, and there is no need to worry about transient damage when the fiber is powered on and off.
Reliability, availability and maintainability have always been the goal of Fibre Channel protocols. Compared with copper wire, it has obvious advantages: it is not obvious for electromagnetic interference and crosstalk between lines.
Node:
A Fibre Channel environment consists of two or more devices connected together by an interconnect topology. Fibre Channel devices such as personal computers, workstations, disk array controllers, disk and tape devices are called nodes. Each node is the source or destination of information for one or more nodes. Taking EMC as an example, the node can be a Symmetrix system. Each node requires one or more ports as the physical interface for communication between nodes. A port is a hardware accessory that allows a node to send or receive information over a physical interface. Some devices integrate these ports, while others use pluggable ports such as HBAs. The EMC port is an interface on the Symmetrix FA adapter.
Port (Ports):
Each Fibre Channel node contains at least one hardware port that connects the Fibre Channel environment and processes information with other ports. This port is called a node port. A node can have one or more node ports. There are several different types of node ports according to the protocol standards supported by the port:
N_PORT: Node_ports can be used both end-to-end and in a fiber-switched environment. In the end-to-end environment, the N_ports sender and receiver are directly interconnected. For example, an HBA or a Symmetrix FA port is an N_port.
F_PORT: Fabric_Ports is used for interconnection between N_ports in a fabric switched environment so that all nodes can communicate with each other. Usually these ports are on the switch, allowing HBAs and other devices such as Symmetrix FA to connect to the fiber.
NL_PORT: NL_Port is the node port that supports the arbitrated loop. For example, the NL_Port can be an HBA or a Symmetrix FA port.
FL_PORT: FL_PORT is the switch port that supports the arbitrated loop. Usually the port on the switch that is connected to the arbitrated loop.
E_PORT: E_Port is a fiber expansion port for use in a multi-switched fiber environment. E_ports usually refers to the port on one switch that is connected to another switch on the fabric.
G_PORT: G_Port is a universal port that can be configured as both E_Port and F_Port. Is a port on the switch.
Fiber:
The port is connected to the fiber network through a link. This link includes cables and other connectors that carry the information ports between the two independent fiber networks.
The link may include fiber optics or cables. The transmitted signal may be long-wave light, short-wave light, LED or electronic signal.
The fiber structure includes a core for optical transmission. The core is wrapped with a coating that functions to reflect and control the transmission of light within the core. The core and cladding are made of glass and are easily damaged. In order to protect the fiber from physical damage, it covers more layers of protection so that the fiber can withstand a certain amount of force. There is also a minimum angle at which the fiber can be bent. At this angle, the fiber will be bent. Exceeding this angle will cause the fiber to transmit signal attenuation, and the worst case will cause fiber damage. The cable is relatively solid under normal use and requires no special maintenance except for the minimum bend radius. The core diameter and outer diameter (in μm) are usually defined by the fiber specifications. For example, a 62.5/125 μm fiber has a core diameter of 62.5 μm and an outer diameter of 125 μm. Two such fibers are combined in a twin-core cable with corresponding two-core connectors at each end. Two fibers send and receive data in opposite directions. A two-core cable allows simultaneous transmission and reception.
Single Mode and Multimode:
There are two transmission modes in Fibre Channel.
The single mode link has a core diameter of 9-10 μm and uses long-wavelength light of about 1300 nm in the infrared portion of the spectrum as a light source. This light is invisible to the human eye. The lower core diameter allows a single mode link to support a distance of up to 10 km between ports, and all light is transmitted along the same path in the fiber, as shown in the following figure. Single-mode links are primarily used for long-haul transmission and are used in several versions of the Symmetrix Fibre Channel adapter.
Multimode links are less expensive than single-mode and are used in scenarios that do not require long-distance transmission as a single mode. Fibre Channel links are typically based on a 50 or 62.5 μm core diameter and support a light wavelength of approximately 800 nm. This increased core diameter relative to a single mode means that the light has multiple propagation paths in the fiber.
This leads to a situation where light of certain frequencies travels along one path in the fiber and other light along the other path. This result is called Modal Dispersion. This causes the light to be radial, thereby limiting the distance of the multimode cable.
Network:
The term fabric is used in Fibre Channel to describe a common switching or routing structure that passes frames according to the destination address of the frame header. The network may be end-to-end, switching fiber or arbitrated loops.
Topology:
Fibre Channel provides three different topologies and one hybrid interconnect topology. These topologies are:
End-to-end
Fiber optic switching
Arbitrated loop
mixing
End to end:
The end-to-end topology is the simplest of all topologies, allowing two N_Ports to be directly interconnected by a link. The sender of each N_Port is directly connected to the receiver of the other port. This link is dedicated to these two ports, and the access link does not require a specific protocol, so the two ports fully occupy the link bandwidth.
Fiber optic switching:
Although the end-to-end topology is simple and intuitive, the number of connections is limited. This led to the birth of fiber-optic switching technology, which theoretically supported 16 million ports (2^24). A switched network can contain a single switch, or multiple switch interconnects as a logical whole.
Each N_Port is connected to a fiber network port (F_Port) through an associated link. Each F_Port in the fiber network is connected through a routing function. This causes the frame structure to be routed from one F_Port to another F_Port according to the target address of the frame header.
Multiple concurrent connections can coexist simultaneously between N_Ports, so as the number of N_Ports increases, the aggregate bandwidth also increases.
Arbitration loop:
The arbitrated loop provides more connections than the end-to-end, supporting 126 NL_Ports and one FL_Port on a single loop, providing an intermediate value between end-to-end and fiber-optic switching. In the arbitrated loop, the transmit output of one port is connected to the receive end of the next port, and all nodes have such a connection until a closed loop is formed. As shown below. This type of configuration typically uses a Fibre Channel hub to eliminate the need for cables. Each port in the arbitrated loop finds all messages on the loop and ignores/delivers the information of the destination other than the port.
Hybrid fiber:
Fibre Channel supports a hybrid topology by connecting one or more arbitrated loops to the network. This approach combines the strengths of both topologies. Fiber optic network topologies provide connectivity options and high aggregate bandwidth, while arbitrated loop topologies provide low-cost connectivity and shared bandwidth without the need to increase fabric switch costs.
The benefit of a hybrid configuration is that the NL_Port on the arbitrated loop can connect to the N_Port on the fabric switch via the FL_Port on the switch, but the necessary conversion is required. This conversion involves converting the fiber network address to a loop address and converting the loop address to a fiber switched address. This configuration also allows the N_Port to connect to the NL_Port on the arbitrated loop.
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