What is the relationship between IoT nodes and IoT nodes?

The nodes of the Internet of Things are not just sensors, but the IoT nodes contain IoT sensors. The IoT node can also be an RFID reader. The IoT end node may be a temperature sensor node that can only sense the ambient temperature and have close communication capability. Such a node cannot install hardware and software covering the physical layer to the application layer like a very powerful computer. From the time we are researching wireless sensor networks, we have realized the difference between it and the computing network and the Internet in terms of function, structure and design.

1 Local storage, data is stored locally or on the server of the local network by attaching flash memory inside the device, so that data storage can be called at any time.

2 Private cloud storage, enterprises or organizations aggregate all the data in the IoT node to the private cloud by assuming the private cloud, for query and call at any time.

3 The public cloud uploads all the data of the aggregation node to the public cloud. On the one hand, it is easy to manage and access at any time. On the other hand, it cooperates with the urban cloud platform to realize the analysis and prediction of big data.

In order to build the Internet of Things, you first need to divide the types of network nodes in the Internet of Things. IoT nodes can be divided into passive CPS nodes, active CPS nodes, Internet CPS nodes, etc., which can be described in terms of power, mobility, perceptibility, storage capability, computing power, networking capabilities, and connectivity. The specific description is shown in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 Types and characteristics of IoT nodes

Passive CPS nodes are items with electronic tags, which are the most numerous nodes in the Internet of Things. For example, a person carrying an electronic tag can become a passive CPS node. Passive CPS nodes usually have no power, can be mobile, have perceived capabilities and a small amount of data storage capabilities, do not have computing and networking capabilities, and provide passive T2T connectivity.

The active CPS node has an embedded system with sensing, networking and control capabilities, which is the core node of the Internet of Things. For example, a person equipped with a wearable computer that can sense body information can become an active CPS node. Active CPS with power supply, can have mobility, sensing, storage, computing and networking capabilities, providing T2T, H2T, H2H connectivity.

The Internet CPS node has a computing system with networking and control capabilities. This is the information center and control center of the Internet of Things. For example, an Internet node that provides time and space constraints services with IoT security and reliability requirements is an Internet CPS node. . The Internet CPS node is not a general Internet node. It is a node in the Internet of Things system. It uses the networking technology of the Internet to connect with each other, but it has the unique time and space control capability in the Internet of Things system. It is equipped with the security of the Internet of Things. Control system for sex and reliability. The Internet CPS node has an uninterruptible power supply, does not have mobility, can have sensing capabilities, has strong storage, computing and networking capabilities, and can provide H2T and H2H connections.

According to the classification of the above IoT nodes, the types of connections that may exist between nodes include passive CPS nodes and active CPS nodes, active CPS and active CPS nodes, and connections between active CPS nodes and Internet CPS nodes. The interconnection structure of the passive CPS node and the active CPS node is shown in Figure 1.4. The two are connected by a physical layer protocol (such as through the RFID protocol), and the active CPS can obtain the information of the electronic tag on the passive CPS node.

The active CPS node and the active CPS node interconnection structure are shown in Figure 1.5. The active CPS nodes exchange information between the active CPS nodes through the protocol interaction between the physical layer, the data link layer and the application layer. Pass and query. Considering that most active CPS nodes have strict resource constraints, active CPS nodes are not suitable for configuring existing IP protocols; the configured data link protocol should also be a data link layer protocol for the Internet of Things, which can ensure reliable and efficient. Collecting, transmitting and querying information in an energy-saving manner to meet the application requirements of IoT node interaction. Information forwarding and aggregation between active CPS nodes can be achieved through an application protocol. In other words, this can design flexible information collection and forwarding protocols according to the needs of the application, without the need for a common, inefficient IP protocol in the Internet.

The interconnection structure between the active CPS node and the Internet CPS node is shown in Figure 1.6. The active CPS node needs to pass the CPS gateway to connect to the Internet node. The CPS gateway is actually a combination of an active CPS node and an Internet CPS node, in which a complete Internet protocol stack is implemented. Through the CPS gateway, it is possible to connect to the Internet at the application layer to realize information transmission between the Internet of Things and the Internet, and interoperability, interconnection and interoperability between the Internet of Things application and the Internet application. This interconnect structure allows different types of IoT to adopt a networking structure that meets their needs, simplifying unnecessary networking functions and reducing the complexity of the network system. Different IoT technologies, such as automotive electronic networking technology, environmental monitoring networking technology, etc., can adopt a protocol structure that is suitable for connection between active CPS nodes in their respective application fields, and can be connected to the Internet only through a CPS gateway.

Among the above three interconnections, the physical layer protocol provides the function of collecting and transmitting information on the physical channel, and has certain security and reliability control capabilities; the data link layer protocol provides access control and multiplexing for physical channels. The function of transmitting data securely, reliably and efficiently at the link layer has relatively complete reliability and security control capabilities, and can provide guarantee of service quality; application layer protocol provides information collection, transmission and query functions, and has relatively complete functions. User management, networking configuration, security management, and reliability control capabilities.

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