Analyze the 20 most commonly used command line system monitoring tools that are useful to Linux system administrators
For each system administrator or network administrator, it is very difficult to monitor and debug Linux system performance issues every day. I have 5 years of experience as a Linux administrator and know how to monitor the system to keep it up and running. To this end, we have written 20 command line system monitoring tools that are very useful and most commonly used by Linux/Unix system administrators. These commands can be used under all versions of Linux to monitor and find the actual cause of system performance. These monitoring commands are enough for you to choose the monitoring scenario that is right for you.
1. top - Linux system process monitoring
The top command is a performance monitor that can be used with many Linux/Unix versions, and it is also a tool used by Linux system administrators to monitor system performance. The Top command periodically displays all running and actual runs and updates to the list, which shows CPU usage, memory usage, swap memory, cache size, buffer size, process control, users, and more. It also shows running processes with high memory and CPU usage. The top command is very useful for system administrators when we need to monitor and take corrective action on Linux systems. Let's take a look at the actual operation of the top command.
# top
2. vmstat - virtual memory statistics
The vmstat command is used to display more information about virtual memory, kernel threads, disks, system processes, I/O modules, interrupts, CPU activity, and more. By default, Linux systems do not have the vmstat command. If you want to use it, you must install a package called sysstat. The common usage of the command format is as follows:
# vmstat
Proces -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu -----
r b swpd free inact active si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
1 0 0 810420 97380 70628 0 0 115 4 89 79 1 6 90 3 0
3. lsof - open file list
The lsof command is available for many Linux/Unix systems, displaying open files and processes in a list.
The files that are opened mainly include disk files, network sockets, pipes, devices, and processes. The main reason for using this command is an error message that a disk cannot be unloaded and the file is being used or opened. This command makes it easy to see which files are in use. The most common format for this command:
# lsof
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
Init 1 root cwd DIR 104,2 4096 2 /
Init 1 root rtd DIR 104,2 4096 2 /
Init 1 root txt REG 104,2 38652 17710339 /sbin/init
Init 1 root mem REG 104,2 129900 196453 /lib/ld-2.5.so
Init 1 root mem REG 104,2 1693812 196454 /lib/libc-2.5.so
Init 1 root mem REG 104,2 20668 196479 /lib/libdl-2.5.so
Init 1 root mem REG 104,2 245376 196419 /lib/libsepol.so.1
Init 1 root mem REG 104,2 93508 196431 /lib/libselinux.so.1
Init 1 root 10u FIFO 0,17 953 /dev/initctl
4. tcpdump - Network Packet Analyzer
Tcpdump is one of the most widely used command line network packet parser or packet sniffing program, primarily used to capture and filter specific excuse information received or transferred by a TCP/IP packet on a network. It also provides an option parameter to save the captured package for use in a file for later analysis. tcpdump is available in almost all Linux distributions.
# tcpdump -i eth0
Tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
Listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
22:08:59.617628 IP tecmint.com.ssh > 115.113.134.3.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in.28472: P 2532133365(116) ack 3561562349 win 9648
22:09:07.653466 IP tecmint.com.ssh > 115.113.134.3.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in.28472: P 116:232(116) ack 1 win 9648
22:08:59.617916 IP 115.113.134.3.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in.28472 > tecmint.com.ssh: . ack 116 win 64347
5. netstat - network statistics
The netstat command is a command-line tool that monitors the statistics interface for incoming and outgoing network packets. It is a very useful tool for many system administrators to monitor network performance and solve network related problems.
# tcpdump -i eth0
Tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
Listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes
22:08:59.617628 IP tecmint.com.ssh > 115.113.134.3.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in.28472: P 2532133365(116) ack 3561562349 win 9648
22:09:07.653466 IP tecmint.com.ssh > 115.113.134.3.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in.28472: P 116:232(116) ack 1 win 9648
22:08:59.617916 IP 115.113.134.3.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in.28472 > tecmint.com.ssh: . ack 116 win 64347
6. htop - process monitoring
Htop is a more advanced interactive real-time monitoring tool. Htop is very similar to the top command, but it has a number of very rich features, such as user-friendly interface management processes, shortcuts, horizontal and vertical processes, and more. Htop is a third-party tool and is not included on Linux systems. You need to use the package management tool to install it.
# htop
7. iotop - Monitor Linux disk I/O
Iotop is similar to the top and htop commands, but it has a reporting feature to monitor and display real-time disk I/O input and output and program progress. This tool is very useful for finding accurate high disk read/write processes.
# iotop
8. iostat - input/output statistics
Iostat is a simple tool for collecting and presenting system input and output storage device statistics. This tool is typically used to find storage device performance issues, including devices, local disks, such as NFS remote disks.
# iostat
Linux 2.6.18-238.9.1.el5 (tecmint.com) 09/13/2012
Avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
2.60 3.65 1.04 4.29 0.00 88.42
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
Cciss/c0d0 17.79 545.80 256.52 855159769 401914750
Cciss/c0d0p1 0.00 0.00 0.00 5459 3518
Cciss/c0d0p2 16.45 533.97 245.18 836631746 384153384
Cciss/c0d0p3 0.63 5.58 3.97 8737650 6215544
Cciss/c0d0p4 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 0
Cciss/c0d0p5 0.63 3.79 5.03 5936778 7882528
Cciss/c0d0p6 0.08 2.46 2.34 3847771 3659776
9. IPTraf - Real-time IP LAN monitoring
IPTraf is a tool for real-time network (IP network) monitoring of open source Linux systems. It collects a variety of information, such as IP traffic monitoring over the network, including TCP flag information, ICMP details, TCP/UDP traffic failures, TCP-connected packets, and Bayern counts. And it also collects TCP, UDP, ICMP, IP, non-IP, IP verification errors, interface activity and other general information and interface statistics.
10. Psacct or Acct - monitor user activity
Psacct or Acct is a very useful tool for monitoring each user's active state of the system. There are two daemons running in the background, one is to pay close attention to the overall activity of each user on the system, and the other process is concerned about which resources are consumed by them.
This tool is very useful for system administrators to track each user's activity, know what the user is doing, what commands are issued, how much resources are being used, and how long it is active on the system.
11. Monit - Program and Service Monitoring
This is a free, open source web-based program that automatically monitors and manages system processes, programs, files, directories, permissions, and checksum files. The services it monitors include Apache, MYSQL, Mail, FTP, Nginx, and more. System status can be viewed from the command line or from its own network interface.
12. NetHogs - monitor network bandwidth per process
NetHogs is an open source, beautiful little program (similar to the top command on Linux) that keeps the network activity state of each process on your system. It also maintains real-time network traffic bandwidth usage for a program or application.
13. iftop - network bandwidth monitoring
Iftop is another open source system monitoring tool based on the terminal. The main function is to display a list of frequently updated network bandwidth utilization (ie source and destination) through the network interface on your own system. Iftop monitors network usage and top monitors CPU usage. Iftop monitors a selected interface and displays the current broadband usage between the two hosts.
14. Monitorix - System and Network Monitoring
Monitorix is ​​a lightweight monitoring tool on Linux/Unix that is designed to monitor running systems and network resources. It has a built-in HTTP web service to periodically collect system and network information and display it as a picture. It monitors the system's average load usage, memory allocation, disk drives, system services, network ports, mail statistics (Sendmail, Postfix, Dovecot, etc.), MYSQL database, and more. Its main purpose is to monitor the performance of the entire system and to help monitor faults, bottlenecks, abnormal activity and other conditions.
15. Arpwatch - Ethernet Activity Monitor
Arpwatch is a program for address resolution (network address translation) of network traffic used to monitor Ethernet over a Linux network. It constantly monitors Ethernet traffic and IP and MAC address pairs that generate logs as network timestamps change. When an IP address or MAC address pair changes, it sends an email to notify the administrator.
And it is very useful in detecting ARP attacks.
16. Suricata - Network Security Monitoring
Suricata is a high-performance open source network security and intrusion detection and prevention monitoring tool for Linux, FreeBSD, Windows and other operating systems. It is owned by the non-profit fund OISF (Open Information Security Foundation).
17. VnStat PHP - Monitoring Network Bandwidth
VnStat PHP is the most popular social tool for web front-end applications called "vnstat". VnStat PHP uses a good graphical mode to monitor network traffic usage. It shows the usage of network traffic in the summary report on a daily, daily, and monthly basis.
18. Nagios - Network/Server Monitoring
Nagios is a leading open source, powerful monitoring system that network/system administrators identify and resolve server-related issues before they impact key business processes. Nagios can monitor remote Linux, Windows, switches, single-window routers and printers. It can display key alerts for your network and servers, helping you solve problems before they get back.
19. Nmon - Monitor Linux System Performance
The Nmon (Nigeril Performance Monitor) tool is used to monitor all resources of a Linux system including: CPU, memory, disk usage, processes on the network, NFS, kernel, and more. This tool has two modes: online mode and capture mode. Online mode is suitable for real-time monitoring, and capture mode is used to store the output after processing in CSV format.
20. Collectl - Integrated Performance Detection Tool
Collectl is another powerful command line-based monitoring tool that collects information about system resources, including CPU usage, memory, network, nodes, processes, NFS, TCP sockets, and more.
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